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Ultranationalisme

L'ultranationalisme (peut ĂȘtre orthographiĂ© ultra-nationalisme et Ă©galement appelĂ© nationalisme extrĂȘme, nationalisme radical et nationalisme fanatique) est un nĂ©ologisme pour dĂ©signer une forme de nationalisme extrĂȘme et exacerbĂ©, jadis appelĂ©e chauvinisme. Il s'est popularisĂ© au XXe siĂšcle. Il est souvent liĂ© au racisme, Ă  la xĂ©nophobie, Ă  l'irrĂ©dentisme et au revanchisme, et on le trouve instrumentalisĂ© par de nombreux rĂ©gimes autoritaires comme le fascisme, le nazisme, le franquisme, le branquisme ou le vidĂ©lisme, ainsi que dans des pays oĂč l'insĂ©curitĂ© Ă©conomique ou sociale se fait prĂ©sente aprĂšs une pĂ©riode de social-dĂ©mocratie ou de rĂ©gime communiste. Les partis ultra-nationalistes sont parfois considĂ©rĂ©s comme illĂ©gaux dans certains pays, marginalisĂ©s dans d'autres, mais ont pignon sur rue dans de nombreux autres États.

Ces mouvements s'opposent Ă  la prĂ©sence de puissances Ă©trangĂšres et Ă  leurs influences dans leurs pays respectifs, ils se caractĂ©risent par une forte radicalitĂ© qui peut mener Ă  l'ultraviolence contre ce qu'ils pensent ĂȘtre des « pĂ©rils » qui « dĂ©truisent petit Ă  petit la nation ».

Formes d'ultranationalismes

Partis politiques ultranationalistes

Partis actuellement représentés au sein de législatures nationales

Les partis politiques suivants ont été qualifiés d'ultranationalistes.

Les partis politiques suivants ont été décrits comme ayant des factions ultranationalistes.

Partis représentés avec d'anciennes tendances ou factions ultranationalistes

Auparavant représentés au sein des législatures nationales

Organisations politiques ultranationalistes

Articles connexes

Notes et références
  1. The Turn of the Fascist « https://web.archive.org/web/20150412152256/http://sacsis.org.za/site/article/730.1 »(Archive.org ‱ Wikiwix ‱ Archive.is ‱ Google ‱ Que faire ?), , Jane Duncan, SACSIS (2011).
  2. Imraan Baccus,"Is fascism rearing its ugly head in SA?" « https://web.archive.org/web/20131006170505/http://www.citypress.co.za/columnists/is-fascism-rearing-its-ugly-head-in-sa/ »(Archive.org ‱ Wikiwix ‱ Archive.is ‱ Google ‱ Que faire ?), , City Press (2013).
  3. « The 1619 Project and the far-right fear of history », sur Washington Post,  : « A leader of Germany's ultranationalist AfD party in 2017 bemoaned how the country's focus on atoning
 »
  4. (en) « Frankenstein pact puts AfD in coalition », sur The Times,  : « A married couple have run into trouble for forging the first local pact between Angela Merkel’s party and the ultranationalist Alternative for Germany (AfD) in defiance of the chancellor »
  5. (en) « Ultra-nationalist's car-crash immigration interview », sur Noosa News, (consultĂ© le ) : « Stephanie Banister, who is hoping to represent the ultra-nationalist One Nation party »
  6. (en) « South Tyrol – a distorting mirror for Vienna, Rome and liberal London », sur openDemocracy, (consultĂ© le )
  7. (en-US) « Even Austria's far right wants to demolish Hitler's birthplace », sur The Columbus Dispatch, (consulté le )
  8. (en) Konrad Hugo Jarausch, Out of ashes : a new history of Europe in the twentieth century, Princeton, , 742 p. (ISBN 978-1-4008-8347-9, OCLC 954000237)
  9. R. Amy Elman, The European Union, antisemitism, and the politics of denial, Lincoln, , 120 p. (ISBN 978-0-8032-6693-3, OCLC 897814752)
  10. (en) Alasdair Fotheringham, « In the pandemic, are Europeans more attracted to the far right? », sur www.aljazeera.com, (consulté le )
  11. (en) « Europe, Central Asia Face Spike In Infections As WHO Warns Of Omicron 'Tidal Wave' », sur RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty, (consulté le )
  12. « Bulgaria: A heterogeneous coalition in the making », UniCredit Research,‎ , p. 1 (lire en ligne)
  13. (en) « Weary of promises, Bulgarians protest against COVID curbs, inflation », sur SWI swissinfo.ch (consulté le )
  14. Journalism and ethics : breakthroughs in research and practice (IGI Global, Information Resources Management Association), Hershey, Pennsylvania, , 585 p. (ISBN 978-1-5225-8360-8, OCLC 1096219393, lire en ligne)
  15. Cyprus and the roadmap for peace : a critical interrogation of the conflict (MichĂĄlis S. Michael, YĂŒcel Vural), Cheltenham, , 87 p. (ISBN 978-1-78643-049-6, OCLC 1043865663, lire en ligne)
  16. Elections in Croatia: 2020 Parliamentary Elections, Arlington, Virginia, International Foundation for Electoral Systems, , 3 p.
  17. Freedom in the world : the annual survey of political rights & civil liberties, 2000-2001 (Adrian Karatnycky, Freedom House Survey Team), Piscataway, N.J., Transaction Pub, , 171 p. (ISBN 0-7658-0101-9, OCLC 48233321)
  18. Martin A. Lee, The beast reawakens, New York, , 46 p. (ISBN 978-1-135-28124-3, OCLC 858861623)
  19. Racial and ethnic economic inequality : an international perspective (Samuel L. Myers, Bruce P. Corrie), New York, Lang, , 205 p. (ISBN 0-8204-5656-X, OCLC 52312447)
  20. (es) Beatriz Acha, « No, no es un partido (neo)fascista », Agenda PĂșblica,‎ (lire en ligne)
  21. (es) Joan AntĂłn-MellĂłn, « Vox. Del nacional-catolicismo al ultranacionalismo neoliberal », Agenda PĂșblica,‎ (lire en ligne)
  22. (en) « In Liberal Estonia, Right-Wing Populists Are Making Their Mark », sur Freedom House (consulté le )
  23. « “The East-Europeanization of Estonian Politics” | Baltic Rim Economies », sur sites.utu.fi (consultĂ© le )
  24. (en) « Europe's far right has stalled », sur Australian Financial Review, (consulté le )
  25. (en) Tony Morden, Equality, diversity and opportunity management : costs, strategies and leadership, Farnham, Surrey, Ashgate Publishing Limited, (ISBN 978-1-4094-3279-1, OCLC 847526846)
  26. (en) Steven Erlanger et Kimiko de Freytas-Tamura, « E.U. Faces Its Next Big Test as France's Election Looms », New York Times,‎ (lire en ligne, consultĂ© le )
  27. (en) « Greek elections: landslide victory for centre-right New Democracy party », sur The Guardian,  : « Smaller parties, such as the ultra-nationalist Greek Solution and leftist MeRA25, headed by Yanis Varoufakis, the former finance minister, were targeting younger Greeks. »
  28. « Horthy Commemoration Revives Political Debate over His Regentship »,
  29. (en) Mark Magnier, « In India, battle continues over Hindu temple's riches », Los Angeles Times, (consulté le )
  30. (en) « Election Polls: 6-14 Seats for Bennett and Shaked's New Right-wing Party, Labor Party Crashes », Haaretz,‎ (lire en ligne)
  31. « U.S. slams Israeli ultranationalist lawmaker's remarks at Kahane memorial », Axios,‎ (lire en ligne)
  32. (en) « In Italy, sighs of relief as Mattarella stays put », sur EUobserver, (consulté le )
  33. « Political turmoil in Italy as far-right reaches for the reins », Christian Science Monitor,‎ (ISSN 0882-7729, lire en ligne, consultĂ© le )
  34. « Polish Interior Minister Issues Last-Minute Ban on Neo-Fascist Show of Force Outside Israeli Embassy in Warsaw », The Algemeiner,‎ (lire en ligne)
  35. (en) « Far-right party changes political landscape in Romania », sur Financial Times,
  36. (en) « Record low turnout brings extremist party into Romania's Parliament », sur transylvanianow.com,
  37. « Ultranationalists Move to Slap Fines on Use of Foreign Words »,
  38. (en) Marcel H. Van Herpen, Putin's Propaganda Machine : Soft Power and Russian Foreign Policy, Rowman & Littlefield, , p. 34
  39. (en) « Serbian Ultranationalists Making Mark Despite Failure At The Ballot Box », RFE/RL,
  40. (sr) « Digitalni ĆĄovinizam na Fejsbuku: Dani srpskih nacionalističkih mrmota », sur voice.org.rs,
  41. « Not Even a Prosperous Slovakia Is Immune to Doubts About the E.U. », New York Times,‎ (lire en ligne)
  42. « Slovakia risks becoming another Hungary-style EU spoiler. How should the West respond? », Atlantic Council,‎ (lire en ligne)
  43. Roger HĂ€llhag, New Sweden: Crushing or Confirming a Social Democratic Model?, Bonn, Friedrich Ebert Foundation, , 6 p.
  44. (en) Relativism and post-truth in contemporary society : possibilities and challenges (Mikael Stenmark, Steve Fuller, Ulf Zackariasson), Cham, Switzerland, , 169 p. (ISBN 978-3-319-96559-8, OCLC 1052796925)
  45. (en) Mattias Gardell, « Crusader Dreams: Oslo 22/7, Islamophobia, and the Quest for a Monocultural Europe », Terrorism and Political Violence, vol. 26, no 1,‎ , p. 130 (ISSN 0954-6553, DOI 10.1080/09546553.2014.849930, lire en ligne)
  46. (en) Barbara L. Estrin, Shakespeare and Contemporary Fiction: Theorizing Foundling and Lyric Plots, (ISBN 978-1611493702), p. 17
  47. (en) « Czech MP who compared Muslim immigrants to "invasive species" will not be stripped of immunity from prosecution », sur romea.cz (consulté le )
  48. Arman, Murat Necip, « The Sources Of Banality In Transforming Turkish Nationalism », CEU Political Science Journal, no 2,‎ , p. 133–151
  49. Eissenstat, Howard. « Anatolianism: The History of a Failed Metaphor of Turkish Nationalism » ()
    —Middle East Studies Association Conference
  50. (en) « Svoboda: The rise of Ukraine's ultra-nationalists », BBC,‎ (lire en ligne, consultĂ© le )
  51. J. L. Black, Michael Johns et Alanda Theriault, The new world disorder: challenges and threats in an uncertain world, Lanham, Maryland, Rowman & Littlefield, (ISBN 9781498576376, lire en ligne), p. 14
  52. Gordon M. Hahn, Ukraine over the edge: Russia, the West and the "new Cold War", Jefferson, North Carolina, McFarland, (ISBN 9781476628752, lire en ligne), p. 191
  53. Michael Minkenberg, Transforming the Transformation?, Taylor & Francis, , p. 126 :
    « the rightward shift of Fidesz is noticeable by their growing co-optation of ultranationalist narratives »
  54. Alvin Rosenfeld, Contending with Antisemitism in a Rapidly Changing Political Climate, Indiana University Press, , p. 255 :
    « With its ultranationalist policy, Orban's Fidesz party managed to take over the positions of the far-right Jobbik party »
  55. Peter Ronald deSouza, India's Political Parties, SAGE, , p. 19 :
    « The other major national party of today, the Bharatiya Janata Party, does not quite fit the religious fundamentalist, the ethnicity-based or the fascist/ultra nationalist categories although it shares, to a large degree, elements of all three »
  56. « Reformasi Reloaded? Implications of Indonesia's 2014 Elections », sur Center for Security Studies,  : « Prabowo’s coalition consisted of his own ultra nationalist Gerindra »
  57. Andreas Krieg, Subversion: The Strategic Weaponization of Narratives, Georgetown University Press, :
    « it has maintained connections with anti-EU, ultranationalist radical elements of ... Lega Nord »
  58. « Beautiful Harmony: Political Project Behind Japan’s New Era Name – Analysis », sur eurasia review,  : « The shifting dynamics around the new era name (gengƍ ć…ƒć·) offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP’s project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism. »
  59. Mechademia 4: War/Time, U of Minnesota Press, (ISBN 9781452942650, lire en ligne), p. 291 :
    « The overturning of the cab driver's 1998 sentiment in Akamatsu's 2007 piece had its political correlative in the victory of the ultranationalist wing of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) when Abe Shinzƍ became Japan's prime minister in ... »
  60. « Why Steve Bannon Admires Japan », sur The Diplomat,  : « In Japan, populist and extreme right-wing nationalism has found a home within the political establishment. »
  61. Unfolding the 'Comfort Women' Debates: Modernity, Violence, Women's Voices, Springer, (ISBN 9781137392510, lire en ligne) :
    « ... a gradual drift towards more nationalistic attitudes to education and politics in general in contemporary Japanese society may party be explained by the effect of ultranationalist politicians in the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). »
  62. The Japanese Monarchy: Ambassador Joseph Grew and the Making of the "Symbol Emperor System," 1931-1991, M.E. Sharpe, (ISBN 9781563241093), p. 1992 :
    « On July 31, a group of ultranationalist LDP Diet men, alarmed by Nakasone's diplomacy of "submission to foreign pressure" on issues like textbook revision and the Yasukuni Shrine problem, formed the "Association of Those Concerned ... »
  63. Michael Minkenberg, Depleting Democracies, Manchester University Press, :
    « PiS adopted LPR's identity politics both regarding minorities and the ultranationalist interpretation of Polish history and continued its ideological trajectory »
  64. Banu Baybars Hawks, Non-state actors in conflicts, , p. 43 :
    « In Poland, the ultranationalist Law and Justice Party (PiS) has significantly increased its vote share »
  65. History Continues: Three Models of the Continuation of History, Springer Nature, (ISBN 9789811984020, lire en ligne), p. 59 :
    « Putinism is not consistent as an ideology and political system. Public political attitudes have changed according to the circumstances. From a kind of cautious system to an open society, Putinism has moved significantly in the direction of the authoritarian system. His political party United Russia started as the conservative party of the former communists has moved towards ultranationalist and neo-imperialist ideology (Van Herpen 2013: 7). Van Harpen even qualifies Putinism as an unstable system of a slight variant of fascism-fascism lite. According to him, this system combines elements of proto-fascism, fascism and post-fascism, with a nucleus of ultra-nationalism, militarism and neo-imperialism (Van Herpen 2013: 8). »
  66. The Greenwood Encyclopedia of LGBT Issues Worldwide, Greenwood Press, (ISBN 9780313342356), p. 360 :
    « In particular , Putin's efforts are attributed to the burgeoning growth of Russian ultranationalist sociopolitical organizations, such as United Russia ( Yedinaya Rossiya ) and Ours ( Nashi , or Youth Movement - Ours ! ). »
  67. (en-US) « Bosnia Serbs Oust Leader From Her Party », The New York Times,‎ (ISSN 0362-4331, lire en ligne, consultĂ© le )
  68. (en) « Holbooke to seek removal of Bosnian Serb leader », sur The Irish Times (consulté le )
  69. (en) Peter Davies et Derek Lynch, The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right, Routledge, (ISBN 978-1-13460-952-9, lire en ligne)
  70. (en) Anna Kyriazi, « Ultranationalist discourses of exclusion: a comparison between the Hungarian Jobbik and the Greek Golden Dawn », University of Milan,
  71. (en) « Migrants finding little sympathy in Hungary for their plight », sur AP News,
  72. (en) « Ultra-Nationalist Party Surges In Hungary », National Public Radio,
  73. (en) « Comparing Indonesia's Party Systems of the 1950s and the Post-Suharto Era: From Centrifugal to Centripetal Inter-Party Competition »
  74. « Avigdor Lieberman: Moldova's Mr. Nice Guy », Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty,‎ (lire en ligne)
  75. Joshua Gleis, Hezbollah and Hamas, John Hopkins University Press, , p. 19 :
    « It emphasized internal discipline, paramilitary organization and ultranationalist ideals »
  76. Piacentini A., Make Macedonia Great Again! The New Face of Skopje and the Macedonians’ identity dilemma edited by Evinç Doğan in Reinventing Eastern Europe: Imaginaries, Identities and Transformations; Place and space series; Transnational Press London, 2019; (ISBN 1910781878), p. 87.
  77. (en) « Mladic on his way to UN war crimes tribunal », sur France 24, (consulté le )
  78. (en) « Serbia's pro-EU populists win vote, initial projections show », sur AP NEWS (consulté le )
  79. (en) Ioannis Armakolas et Maja Maksimović, « The Beginning of the End for the Kosovo Problem? The Agreement on Normalisation of Relations between Belgrade and Pristina and its Aftermath », sur ETH ZĂŒrich, (consultĂ© le )
  80. (en) Věra StojarovĂĄ et Peter Emerson, « Political parties in Serbia », sur bochsler.eu, Bochsler, Center for Comparative and International Studies, University of Zurich
  81. « Escaping Ethnocentrism: The Radical Right in the Middle East and Africa », sur Centre for Analysis of the Radical Right,  : « Moreover, the rise of fascism in interwar Europe was an inspirational source for variety of ultranationalist movements and parties that emerged in the Middle East and Africa. Take the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP), founded in 1932 by Antun Sa’adih, who had a specific mission: to lead the Lebanese people to their destiny. »
  82. Amauary De Riencourt, Roof of the World, Tibet, Rinehart, , p. 176 :
    « Chiang Kai - Shek shook off the Soviet supervision and transmuted the Kuomintang into an ultranationalist movement »
  83. (en) Ron Krabill, Starring Mandela and Cosby: Media and the End(s) of Apartheid, University of Chicago Press, (lire en ligne AccÚs limité), 51
  84. Stanley Payne, A History of Fascism, 1914–1945, University of Wisconsin Press, , p. 163 :
    « The chief political party of the ultranationalist right was the DNVP »
  85. (en) Khin Moh Moh Lwin and Myo Set Pai, « Far-right Buddhist nationalist candidates among biggest losers in 2020 election », Myanmar Now,‎ (lire en ligne, consultĂ© le )
  86. (en) Internal Crisis Group, « Buddhism and State Power in Myanmar »,
  87. (en) Stefanos Katsikas, « Negotiating Diplomacy in the New Europe: Foreign Policy in Post-Communist Bulgaria », I.B. Tauris,‎ , p. 64
  88. (en) « Ultra-nationalists, populists form 'Bulgarian Patriots' alliance for July elections », The Sofia Globe,‎ (lire en ligne, consultĂ© le ) :
    « Ultra-nationalist parties VMRO and the National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria, along with populists Volya, have agreed to stand together in Bulgaria’s July 11 2021 parliamentary elections under the name “Bulgarian Patriots”, the parties announced on May 20. »
  89. (en) « Vacuum at the top threatens to hinder Bulgaria's progress », Financial Times (consulté le )
  90. (en) « Khmer People's Revolutionary Party (KPRP) », sur globalsecurity.org (consulté le )
  91. (ko) « 읎ëČ”ì„ » [« Lee Bum Suk »], sur Naver Knowledge Encyclopedia (consultĂ© le )
  92. « The Extreme Right in Spain - Surviving in the Shadow of Franco », sur core.ac.uk, Hedda Samdahl Weltz,
  93. (en) Emmanouil Tsatsanis, Hellenism under siege: the national-populist logic of antiglobalization rhetoric in Greece, vol. 16, , 11–31 p. (DOI 10.1080/13569317.2011.540939, S2CID 143633586), chap. 1 :
    « ...and far right-wing newspapers such as Alpha Ena, Eleytheros Kosmos, Eleytheri Ora and Stohos (the mouthpiece of ultra-nationalist group Chrysi Avgi). »
  94. (en) Elisabeth Ivarsflaten, Reputational Shields: Why Most Anti-Immigrant Parties Failed in Western Europe, 1980–2005, Nuffield College, University of Oxford, (lire en ligne), p. 15
  95. On the Road with Golden Dawn, Greece’s Ultra-Nationalist Party. Time. Published 31 October 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  96. « LAOS chief accuses PASOK, ND of betraying the country », Ekathimerini,‎ (lire en ligne)
  97. A. Dirk Moses, The Problems of Genocide, Cambridge University Press, , p. 367 :
    « the ultranationalist Hindu Mahasabha revivalist movement »
  98. Sharon Weinblum, Security and Defensive Democracy in Israel: A Critical Approach to Political Discourse, Routledge, (ISBN 978-1-317-58450-6, lire en ligne), p. 10
  99. Allan Todd, European States in the Interwar Years (1918-1939), Cambridge University Press, , p. 19 :
    « Mussolini later formed the far-right ultra-nationalist Fascist Party »
  100. (en) Kabuki's Forgotten War: 1931-1945, University of Hawaii Press, (ISBN 9780824832001, lire en ligne), p. 113 :
    « .2 All existing political parties “voluntarily” dissolved themselves, replaced by a single authorized political body, the ultranationalist Imperial Rule Assistance Association. »
  101. (en) Bernardo M. Villegas, « The Philippines in 1986: Democratic Reconstruction in the Post-Marcos Era », Asian Survey, vol. 27, no 2,‎ , p. 194–205 (ISSN 0004-4687, DOI 10.2307/2644614, JSTOR 2644614, lire en ligne) :
    « "Finally, at the extreme right is the reorganized Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) under Nicanor Yniguez, which remains loyal to Marcos." »
  102. Abel Djassi Amado, « The União Nacional in Cabo Verde, 1937-1945: Local Politics in an Imperial Political Party », Portuguese Literary & Cultural Studies, {{Article}} : paramÚtre « date » manquant, p. 132 (lire en ligne) :
    « The UniĂŁo Nacional was initially founded as a “patriotic league,” tasked with buttressing support for the military regime. Upon assuming power in 1932, Salazar reengineered the party to his ideological and political image to stand on the twin pillars of ultranationalism and corporativism »
  103. « Rwanda », Covertaction Quarterly, nos 51–54,‎ , p. 12 :
    « The CDR is an ultranationalist Hutu party »
  104. (en) Peter Ford, « Serbian Radical Party surge may complicate reform », sur Christian Science Monitor, (consulté le )
  105. « Warlord's party hopeful of winning seats », sur edition.cnn.com, CNN,
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  107. (en) Barbara Wiesinger, « The Continuing Presence of the Extreme Right in Post-MiloĆĄević Serbia »,
  108. Ian Jeffries, Eastern Europe at the turn of the twenty-first century, Routledge, (ISBN 9780415236713, lire en ligne AccÚs limité), 352 :
    « Slovak National Party: led by Jan Slota. Extreme nationalist »
  109. (en) Sabrina P. Ramet, Whose democracy?: nationalism, religion, and the doctrine of collective rights in post-1989 Eastern Europe, Rowman & Littlefield, (ISBN 9780847683246), p. 128 :
    « ...Meciar established his 1994 coalition government with the extreme-nacionalist Slovak National Party (SNS), led by Jån Slota, mayor of Zilina... »
  110. (en) « International Herald Tribune's article about Hungarian-Slovak relations », sur International Herald Tribune, (consulté le )
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  112. (tr) « Four candidates officially running in Turkey's 2023 presidential elections », sur Duvar English, (consulté le )
  113. Fatma Muge Gocek, Denial of Violence, Oxford University Press, , p. 402
  114. (en) « Profile: Ukraine's ultra-nationalist Right Sector », BBC,‎ (lire en ligne, consultĂ© le )
  115. (en) Wolfram Nordsieck, « Ukraine » [archive du ], sur Parties and Elections in Europe, (consulté le )
  116. (en) « Far-Right Leader To Advise Ukraine Army », sur RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty (consulté le )
  117. Marte Nilsen, « Buddhist nationalism threatens Myanmar's democratic transition », East Asia Forum,‎ (lire en ligne, consultĂ© le )
  118. (en) « Buddhist Authorities Ban Myanmar's Ultranationalist Ma Ba Tha Group », Radio Free Asia,‎ (lire en ligne, consultĂ© le )
  119. (en) « Brawling Myanmar Monks Show Buddhist Nationalists Backing Coup », Bloomberg News,‎ (lire en ligne, consultĂ© le )
  120. Cynthia Combs, Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century, Taylor & Francis, :
    « The Proud Boys are an ultranationalist organization active in the United States »
  121. M. Kumar, Historical And Political Economy Of Education In India, Sankalp Publication, , p. 323 :
    « RSS was itself an ultra-nationalist organization »
  122. Irm Haleem, The Essence of Islamist Extremism, Taylor & Francis, , p. 213
  123. (en) Watching the Indonesian Elections 2014, ISEAS Publishing, (ISBN 9789814620833, lire en ligne), p. 106 :
    « Prabowo has accepted support from and declared his willingness to work with such organizations as the (notorious) radical Islamic group Front Pembela Islam (Defenders of Islam Front) and the ultra-nationalist Pemuda Pancasila »
  124. (en) Eimear O'Connor, Sean Keating in Context: Responses to Culture and Politics in Post-civil War Ireland, Carysfort Press, (ISBN 978-1904505419), p. 36
  125. « Israeli human rights groups alarmed by Zionist video attack », Sydney Morning Herald,‎ (lire en ligne) :
    « An ultra-nationalist Israeli group has published a video accusing the heads of four of Israel's leading human rights organisations of being foreign agents funded by Europe and supporting Palestinians "involved in terrorism". The widely-viewed 68-second video, made by radical Zionist group Im Tirtzu »
  126. « Jerusalem Jewish group on anti-Arab patrol », BBC,‎ (lire en ligne) :
    « an ultra-nationalist Jewish group called Lehava has been organising patrols aimed at stopping Jewish Israelis from even talking to Arabs. »
  127. Nippon Kaigi: The ultra-nationalistic group trying to restore the might of the Japanese Empire. ABC News Online. Author - Matthew Carney. Published 2 December 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  128. « Abe's cabinet reshuffle », sur East Asia Forum,  : « Abe also rewarded right-wing politicians who are close to him — so-called ‘ideological friends’ who are being increasingly pushed to the forefront of his administration — such as LDP Executive Acting Secretary-General Koichi Hagiuda who was appointed Education Minister. As a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi (Japan Conference), which seeks to promote patriotic education, he can be considered ‘reliable’ as the government’s policy leader on national education. »
  129. (en) « Japanese minister becomes first in two years to visit Tokyo's controversial Yasukuni Shrine », South China Morning Post, (consultĂ© le ) : « Eto is serving in his first cabinet position and is a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi organisation, whose aims are to revise the “national consciousness” surrounding the prosecution of Japan’s war criminals and to change the nation’s pacifist constitution implemented after the war. The group also promotes “patriotic education”. »
  130. (en) National Identity and Japanese Revisionism, Routledge, (ISBN 9781351334396, lire en ligne) :
    « ... and foreign policy are rightwing revisionists organized in groups such as the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi ... »
  131. (en) Japanese Religions and Globalization, Routledge, (ISBN 9780415811705, lire en ligne), p. 146
  132. (en) « Japan combats rise in hate speech », Al Jazeera,‎ (lire en ligne, consultĂ© le ) :
    « ... and many don’t speak Korean or have ties to Korea. Even so, ultranationalist groups like Zaitokukai have singled them out and used Japan’s very liberal protection of speech to harass, intimidate and silence Zainichi with noisy street protests and attacks online, often anonymously. »
  133. (en) « Head of anti-foreigner group Zaitokukai to step down », Japan Times,‎ (lire en ligne, consultĂ© le ) :
    « The longtime chairman of the ultranationalist group Zaitokukai has announced he will step down and even give up his membership in the group, saying the move will eventually bolster the organization’s influence. »
  134. (en) Dina Zaman, « Is there a need for more interfaith dialogue in Malaysia? Part 1 », sur newmandala.org, (consultĂ© le ) : « “Perkasa (an all Malay ultranationalist group) ready to crusade against ungrateful Christians,” »
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