Parti Baas

• Jovan Cavoški, Non-Aligned Movement Summits: A History, UK, Bloomsburry, 2022, 101 p. (ISBN 978-1-3500-3209-5) :

  « "Syria, headed by the radical leftist Baath Party overtly challenged Nasser's leadership credentials by highlighting his diminished revolutionary spirit." »

• Adeed I. Dawisha, Syria and the Lebanese Crisis, London, UK, Macmillan Press Ltd, 1980, 45 p. (ISBN 978-1-349-05373-5), « 3: External and Internal Setting » :

  « "The change has been particularly marked under Asad. He has created a fairly popular Presidential regime: radical left, the most advanced socialist regime in the Arab world, it is progressively widening the frame to include more peasants and labourers." »

• The Israel Economist, vol. 26-27, University of Minnesota, Kollek & Son, Limited, 1970, 61 p. :

  « "The ideology propounded by the Ba'ath changed completely. The accent on Arab nationalism was discarded as was moderate socialism. Their place was taken by Syrian nationalism and extreme left-wing ideas verging on communism." »

• Jacob Abadi, Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy, London, UK, Frank Class Publishers, 2004, 22 p. (ISBN 0-7146-5576-7) :

  « "radical left-wing Ba'ath party in Syria." »

• Kamel S. Abu Jaber, The Arab Ba'th Socialist Party: History, Ideology and Organization, Syracuse, New York, USA, Syracuse University Press, 1966, xii-xiii, 33-47, 75-97 (LCCN 66-25181) :

  « "The leadership now in control of Syria does not represent the gamut of the Ba'th party. It is composed mainly of extreme leftists vesting almost exclusive authority in the military wing of the party." »

• Derek Hopwood, Syria 1945-1986: Politics and Society, Routledge, 2013, 45–46, 73–75, 90 (ISBN 9781317818427, DOI 10.4324/9781315818955) :

  « "The period 1963 to 1970 when Asad finally succeeded was marked ideologically by uncertainty and even turbulence. It was a period of transition from the old nationalist politicians to the radical socialist Baathis.. struggle between ‘moderates’ and radicals was centred on the dispute whether to impose a radical left wing government and a social revolution on Syria or to follow a more moderate Arab unionist course which would possibly appease opponents of the Baath. The radicals largely held the upper hand and worked to strengthen the control of the party over the state." »

• Christopher Phillips, The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East, London, UK, Yale Unviersity Press, 2020, 11 p. (ISBN 978-0-300-21717-9, lire en ligne) :

  « " In 1963.. the socialist Ba’ath Party, seized power. The radical left wing of the party then launched an internal coup in 1966, initiating accelerated land reform" »

• Alekseĭ Mikhaĭlovich Vasilʹev, Russian Policy in the Middle East: From Messianism to Pragmatism, University of Michigan, USA, Ithaca Press, 1993, 63, 76 (ISBN 978-0863721687, lire en ligne) :

  « "Syrian Baathist version of Arab nationalism and socialism offered plenty of points of contact with Soviet policy.. when the left-wing Baathist faction led by Nureddin Atasi came to power, accelerated Syria’s rapprochement with the Soviet Union.. for the USSR Syria remained an uneasy ally whose actions were beyond control, often unpredictable and the cause of complications. The ultra-leftist slogans originating from Damascus (such as a “people’s war”) were not received enthusiastically in Moscow. Mustafa Tlas, the new Syrian chief of staff, was a theoretician of guerrilla warfare and had even translated works by Che Guevara who was not particularly popular among the Soviet leaders."" »

• James Climent, World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era, New York, Routledge, 2015, 2nd éd. (ISBN 978-0-7656-8284-0, lire en ligne), p. 383 :

  « "influence of different views, came from the more radical left-wing nationalist groups. These groups included.. Syria's Ba'ath party which seized power in Damascus in 1963" »

« "history of Syria shows that they were not enough to reconcile Islamic ideas of political obligation and the notion of a secular state...Neo-Ba'thists had brought in sectarianism and Marxist theory and had wrung from 'Aflaq the concessions to their views in the Muntalaqat." »

« "yet another coup d'etat in Syria in February 1966 ousted the old guard of the Ba'th Party... and gave a radical faction (subsequently dubbed the neo-Ba'th) undisputed power. Abandoning the traditional goal of Arab unity, the new leaders proclaimed a radical socialist platform at home and a commitment to violent revolutionary activity abroad.." »

• Mohammed El-attrache, The Political Philosophy of Michel Aflaq and the Ba'th Party in Syria, Norman, Oklahoma, USA, University of Oklahoma, 1973, 160–177 p. (hdl 11244/3545, lire en ligne)
• David Roberts, The Ba'ath and the creation of modern Syria, Abingdon, Oxon, Routledge, 2015, Routledge Library Editions: Syria éd., 62–76 p. (ISBN 978-0-415-83882-5), « 7: Ba'athist Doctrine »
• Yaacov Bar-Siman-Tov, Linkage Politics in the Middle East Syria Between Domestic and External Conflict, 1961-1970, Boulder, CO, Westview Press, 1983, 151 p. (ISBN 0-86531-945-6), « 7: The Neo-Ba'ath Regime »
• Charles, Kenneth K. Wilber, P. Jameson et Fred Gottheil, Socialist Models of Development, Oxford 0X3 OBW, England, Pergamon Press, 1982, 825–836 p. (ISBN 0-08-027921-X), « Iraqi and Syrian Socialism: An Economic Appraisal » * Steven Heydemann, Authoritarianism in Syria: Institutions and Social Conflict, New York 14850, USA, Cornell University Press, 1999, 85 p. (ISBN 0-8014-2932-3), « 4: Building the Institutions of Populist Authoritarian Rule »

« Many posts in the public sector, the military and government were generally reserved for Baathists, which helped boost party membership. By 1981, some 375,000 people had joined the party. By 2010, this number had reportedly risen to 1.2 million - nearly 10% of the population. »

• Sheffer, Gabriel; Ma'oz, Moshe (2002). Middle Eastern Minorities and Diasporas. Sussex Academic Press. p. 174. (ISBN 978-1-902210-84-1).
• Metz, Helen Chapin, « Iraq – Politics: The Baath Party », Library of Congress Country Studies (consulté le 23 octobre 2011)
• Ghareeb, Edmund A.; Dougherty, Beth K. (2004). Historical Dictionary of Iraq. The Scarecrow Press, Ltd. p. 194. (ISBN 978-0810865686).

• Polk, William Roe (2006). Understanding Iraq: A Whistlestop Tour from Ancient Babylon to Occupied Baghdad. I.B. Tauris. p. 109. (ISBN 978-1-84511-123-6).
• Sheffer, Gabriel; Ma'oz, Moshe (2002). Middle Eastern Minorities and Diasporas. Sussex Academic Press. p. 174. (ISBN 978-1-902210-84-1).
• Ali, Tariq, Bush in Babylon: The Recolonisation of Iraq, Verso, 2004, 106–107 (ISBN 978-1-84467-512-8)

« "The councils include tribal leaders and former insurgent leaders but are headed by former senior army officers—among the thousands of Sunni generals cast aside when the United States disbanded the Iraqi army after the toppling of Saddam Hussein in 2003..."We consider the Iraqi government illegitimate because it is a result of [the U.S.] occupation," said Dari, head of the association’s information office." »

• Alekseĭ Mikhaĭlovich Vasilʹev, Alexei Vassiliev (1993). Russian Policy in the Middle East: From Messianism to Pragmatism. p. 63. (ISBN 978-0863721687).
• Rafid Fadhil Ali, « Reviving the Iraqi Ba'ath: A Profile of General Muhammad Yunis al-Ahmad » [archive du 6 août 2018], sur Jamestown Foundation, 9 février 2009 (consulté le 6 août 2018)

• Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. p. 41. (ISBN 0-06-050543-5).
• A. I. Dawisha, (1976). Egypt in the Arab World: The Elements of Foreign Policy. American Political Science Review. Cambridge University Press. p. 56. (ISBN 978-0333191958).
• Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul (2006). World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 82-84. (ISBN 978-1576079409).
• Political Dissent An International Guide to Dissident, Extra-parliamentary, Guerrilla, and Illegal Political Movements, Gale Research Company, 1983 (ISBN 9780810320505, lire en ligne), p. 223

• Bengio, Ofra (1998). Saddam's Word: Political Discourse in Iraq. Oxford University Press. p. 208. (ISBN 978-0195151855).
• Niblock, Tim (1982). Iraq, the contemporary state. Croom Helm, Ltd. p. 62. (ISBN 978-0-7099-1810-3).
• al-Marashi, Ibrahim et Salama, Sammy, Iraq's Armed Forces: an Analytical History (Paperback), Oxon, England, UK; New York, New York, USA, Routledge, 2008 (ISBN 978-0-415-40078-7, lire en ligne ), 108

• Kienle, Eberhard (1991). Ba'th versus Ba'th: The Conflict between Syria and Iraq 1968–1989. I.B. Tauris. p. 38. (ISBN 1-85043-192-2).
• Motyl, Alexander J. (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism: Leaders, Movements, and Concepts: Volume II. Credo Reference. Academic Press. p. 240. (ISBN 978-0122272325).

• Tripp, Charles (2002). A History of Iraq. Cambridge University Press. p. 143. (ISBN 978-0-521-52900-6).
• Niblock, Tim (1982). Iraq, the contemporary state. Croom Helm, Ltd. p. 64. (ISBN 978-0-7099-1810-3).

• Baram, Amatzia (October 2011). "From Militant Secularism to Islamism: The Iraqi Ba'th Regime 1968-2003" (PDF). Occasional Papers. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars: History & Public Policy Program. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2015.
• Paul Lewis, « Iraq Bans Public Use Of Alcohol », The New York Times,‎ 21 août 1994 (lire en ligne)
• « Saddam and Islam Interview With Univ of Penn's Dr Samuel Helfont », sur Musings on Iraq, BlogSpot, 2 juillet 2018 (consulté le 23 juillet 2019) : « Throughout the 1990s, it appears that Iraqi society became more religious, more sectarian, and more prone toward Islamism, Salafism, and other militant ideologies. »
• (en) Wilson Center Digital Archive, « Wilson Center Digital Archive », sur digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org (consulté le 27 mars 2018)
• Rayburn, Joel (2014). Saddam's Faith Campaign and the promotion of Salafism. Iraq after America: Strongmen, Sectarians, Resistance. Hoover Institution Press. pp. 101–104. (ISBN 978-0-8179-1694-7).

• Ghareeb, Edmund A.; Dougherty, Beth K. Historical Dictionary of Iraq. Lanham, Maryland and Oxford: The Scarecrow Press, Ltd., 2004. pp. 170-171.
• Al-Qaisy, « National Union Front and the fall of the monarchy », sur Al-Mada, 2019